BİR YOLCUYA

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THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SNIPER cannot be measured simply by the number of casualties he inflicts upon the enemy. Realization of the sniper’s presence instills fear in enemy troops elements and influences their decisions and actions.

In sniper team operations involving prolonged independent

employment, the sniper must be self-reliant, display good judgment

and common sense. This requires two other important qualifications:

emotional balance and field craft.

(1) Emotional balance. The sniper must be able to calmly and

deliberately kill targets that may not pose an immediate threat to him.

It is much easier to kill in self-defense or in the defense of others than

it is to kill without apparent provocation. The sniper must not be

susceptible to emotions such as anxiety or remorse. Candidates

whose motivation toward sniper training rests mainly in the desire for

prestige may not be capable of the cold rationality that the sniper’s job

requires.

(2) Mental condition. When commanders screen sniper candidates,

they should look for traits that indicate the candidate has the right

qualities to be a sniper. The commander must determine if the

candidate will pull the trigger at the right time and place. Some traits

to look for are reliability, initiative, loyalty, discipline and emotional

stability.

a. SOUND. Sound may be made by movement, equipment rattling or talking. The enemy may dismiss small noises as natural but when someone speaks he will know that someone is near. Gear should be silenced using tape before a mission so that it makes no noise while running or walking. Moving quietly is done by using slow, deliberate, smooth movement.

b. MOVEMENT. Movement itself is a target indicator. The human eye is attracted to movement. A stationary target may be impossible to detect, and a slowly moving one might be left unnoticed, but quick jerky movement will most certainly be seen. Again, slow deliberate movement is necessary to remain undetected.

c. IMPROPER CAMOUFLAGE. The largest number of targets will be detected due to improper camouflage. There are three types of improper camouflage:

1) Shine comes from reflective objects exposed and not toned down, such a belt buckles, watches, or glasses. The lenses of optical gear will also reflect light. Shine can be eliminated by placing a paper shade over the end of the optics and by staying in shadows. Any object that reflects light should be camouflaged.

2) Outline. The outline of objects such as the body, head and shoulders, weapons, and web gear are very recognizable even from a distance. Often times the human eye will pick up a recognizable shape and concentrate on it even if the object can not be identified right away. Therefore, outlines must be broken up into unrecognizable patterns.

3) Contrast With the Background. Contrast means to stand out against a background, such as a man in a dark green uniform standing against a cinder block wall. When using a position for concealment, a background must be chosen that will absorb the appearance of the sniper and his gear. A difference in color or shape from the background will usually be noticed. A sniper must therefore camouflage himself and his gear in accordance with the coloring of his background and stay in the shadows as much as possible.

Remedial Information:

Firing from hides

Fire discipline Fire from a hide must be discreet and only undertaken at specific targets. Haphazard harassing fire will quickly lead to the enemy locating the hide and directing fire to it.
Muzzle Flash at dusk and dawn, the flash from a shot can usually be clearly seen and care must be taken not to disclose the position of the hide when firing under such circumstances.
Rifle smoke on frosty mornings and damp days, there is a great danger of smoke from the rifle giving the position away. On such occasions, the sniper must keep as far back in the hide as possible.
Dust when the surroundings are dry and dusty, the sniper must be careful not to cause too much dust to rise. It may be necessary to dampen the surroundings of the loophole and the hide when there is a danger of rising dust.

SPECIAL EQUIPMENT

The Sniper Team Requires Special Equipment That May İnclude, But Not Be Limited To The Following:

A. Sniper:

• Sniper Weapon System Deployment Kit (Tools And Replacement Parts).Cleaning Kit.

•Extra Handset For Radio.

•Extra Batteries For Radio (Ba 4386 Or Lithium, Dependent On Mission Length).

• Tripod, Observation Telescope.

•An/Pvs-5/7 Series, Night Vision Goggles.

•Extra Ba-1567/U Or Aa Batteries For Night Vision Goggles.

•Pace Cord.

•E-Tool With Carrier.

•50-Foot 550 Cord.

•1 Green And 1 Red Star Cluster.

•2 Hc Smoke Grenades.

•Measuring Tape (25-Foot Carpenter-Type).

•3 Each 9-Mm Magazines.

B. Observer:

•M16a1/A2 Cleaning Kit.

•M203 Cleaning Kit.

•An/Prc-77/An-Prc-119/An/Prc-104a Radios.

•Radio Accessory Bag, Complete With Long Whip And Base, Tape Antenna And Base, Handset, And Battery (Ba-4386 Or Lithium).

•300-Feet Wd-1 Field Wire (For Field-Expedient Antenna Fabrication).

•Olive-Drab Duct Tape ("100-Mph" Tape).

•Extra Batteries For Radio (İf Needed).

•Extra Batteries (Ba-1567/U) For An/Pvs-4.

•M19/M22 Binoculars.

•Sniper's Data Book, Mission Logbook, Range Cards, Wind Tables, And "Slope Dope."

•7 Each 30-Round Capacity (5.56-Mm) Magazines.

•3 Each 9-Mm Magazines.

•Calculator With Extra Battery.

•Butt Pack.

•10 Each Sandwich-Size Waterproof Bags.

•2 Hc Smoke Grenades.

•Lineman's Tool.

•Range Estimation (Sniper Data Book).

UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT

A recommended listing of common uniforms and equipment follows; however, weather and terrain will dictate the uniform. As a minimum, the sniper team should

have the following:

•Footgear (jungle/desert/cold weather/combat boots).

•2 sets BDUs (desert/woodland/camouflage).

•Black leather gloves.

•2 brown T-shirts.

•2 brown underwear (optional).

•8 pair olive-drab wool socks.

•Black belt.

•Headgear (BDU/jungle/desert/cold weather).

•ID tags and ID card.

•Wristwatch (sweep second hand with luminous dial/waterproof).

•Pocket survival knife.

•Extra large ALICE pack, complete with frame and shoulder straps.

•2 waterproof bags (for ALICE pack).

•2 two-quart canteens with covers.

•1 bottle water purification tablets.

•LBE complete.

•Red-lensed flashlight (angle-head type with extra batteries).

•MREs (number dependent on mission length).

•9-mm pistol holster and magazine pouch (attached to LBE).

•2 camouflage sticks (METT-T dependent).

•2 black ink pens.

•2 mechanical pencils with lead.

•2 black grease pencils.

•Lensatic compass.

•Map(s) of operational area and protractor.

•Poncho.

•Poncho liner.

•1 each ghillie suit complete.

•1 each protective mask/MOPP suit.

•Foot powder.

•Toiletries.

•FM 23-10.

OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT

Certain situations may require equipment for specialized tasks and is METT-T dependent. The following equipment may prove useful in different climates/operational

areas:

•Desert camouflage netting.

•Glitter tape.

•Strobe light with filters.

•Special patrol insertion/extraction system harness.12-foot sling rope.

•2 each snap links.

•120-foot nylon rope.

•Lip/sun screen,Signal mirror.

•Chemical lights (to include infrared).

•Body armor/flak jacket.

•Sniper veil,Sewing kit.

•Sleeping bag.Knee and elbow pads.

•Survival kit.Rifle drag bag.

•Rifle bipod/tripod.Empty sandbags.

•Hearing protection (ear muffs).

•Thermometer.Laser range finder.

•Thermal imager.Pocket binoculars.

•35-mm automatic loading camera with appropriate lenses and film.

•1/2-inch camcorder with accessories.

•Satellite communications equipment.

•Short-range radio with earphone and whisper microphone.

•Field-expedient antennas.

•Information reporting formats.

•Encryption device for radio.

SPECIAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT (MOUT)

For operations in urban areas, the following tools and equipment are most useful; however, they are subject to availability:

•Pry bar•Pliers•Screwdriver•Rubber-headed hammer•Glass cutter.

•Masonry drill and bits•Metal shears•Chisel•Auger•Lock pick, skeleton keys, cobra pick•Bolt cutters•Hacksaw or handsaw.

•Sledgehammer•Axe•Ram•Power saw•Cutting torch•Shotgun•Spray paint.

•Stethoscope•Maps/street plans•Photographs, aerial and panoramic•Whistle. •Luminous tape•Flex cuffs•Padlocks•Intrusion detection system (booby traps)

•Portable spotlights•Money•Civilian attire

Team equipment:

camera and film

radio

mines and booby traps

binoculars

M79

antiintrusion devices